Statistics (सांख्यिकी)
 |
| Details Notes for 7th / 8th/ 9th / 10th |
What
is Statistics?
- Statistics is the study of data. It
involves collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
Data:-
- Data can be classified as raw data
(unorganized) and grouped data (organized).
Types
of Data:-
- Qualitative Data: Descriptive data, e.g.,
colors, names.
- Quantitative Data: Numerical data, e.g.,
heights, ages.
**Presentation
of Data:**
Tabulation:-
- Tabulation is the process of organizing
data in the form of tables.
Frequency
Distribution:-
- A frequency distribution table shows how
data is distributed over various classes or categories.
Histogram:-
- A histogram is a graphical representation
of data using bars to represent the frequency of each class.
Bar
Graph: -
- A bar graph uses rectangular bars to
represent data in various categories.
**Measures
of Central Tendency:**
1. Mean:-
- The mean (average) is calculated by adding
up all the values and dividing by the number of values.
2. Median:-
- The median is the middle value when data
is arranged in ascending or descending order.
3. Mode:-
- The mode is the value that occurs most
frequently in a data set.
**Measures
of Dispersion:**
Range:-
- Range is the difference between the
maximum and minimum values in a data set.
Interquartile
Range (IQR):-
- IQR is the range between the first
quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3) of a data set.
Variance
and Standard Deviation:-
- Variance measures the average of the
squared differences from the mean.
- Standard deviation is the square root of
the variance.
**Presentation
of Data:**
1. Pie Chart:-
- A pie chart is a circular graph that
represents data as slices of a pie, with each slice corresponding to a
category.
2. Line Graph:-
- A line graph is used to show the
relationship between two sets of data, usually over a period of time.
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