Class 8th - Union Executive CBSE Notes

Government:-

➥A government is a system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state. Governments typically consist of three branches:

1. Legislative: Makes laws.
2. Executive: Implements laws.
3. Judicial: Interprets laws.

Types of Government:-

(i) Union Government (Central Government)

➣The Union Government, also known as the Central Government, operates at the national level.

➣It is responsible for the entire country and has authority over all matters listed in the Union List (like defense, foreign affairs, etc.).

(ii) State Government

➣The State Government operates at the state level and has authority over matters listed in the State List (like police, public health, etc.).

Components:

1. Governor:➝ The ceremonial head of the state, appointed by the President.
2. Chief Minister:➝ The head of the state government, leading the executive branch.
3. State Legislature:➝ May be unicameral (one house) or bicameral (two houses), depending on the state.

Requirement for Two Governments

1. The Union List:

   ➥Contains subjects on which only the central government can legislate. Examples include defense, foreign affairs, atomic energy, etc.

2. The State List:

   ➥Contains subjects on which only the state governments can legislate. Examples include police, public health, agriculture, etc.

3. The Concurrent List:

   ➥Contains subjects on which both central and state governments can legislate. In case of conflict, central laws prevail. Examples include education, marriage, bankruptcy, etc.

The Parliament

1. The Lok Sabha:
   1. Composition: Comprises members directly elected by the people.
   2. Term: Normally 5 years, but it can be dissolved earlier.
   3. Procedure for Election: Members are elected based on adult suffrage (voting rights for all adults).
   4. Eligibility for Candidate:
      • Must be a citizen of India.
      • At least 25 years old.
      • Mentally sound and not bankrupt.
2. Speaker:

   ➥Presides over the Lok Sabha meetings, ensures the rules of procedure are followed, and is elected by the members of Lok Sabha.

3. Political Parties:

   ➥Essential for the democratic process, represent different sections of society, and play a key role in forming the government.

4. The Rajya Sabha:

   ➥Represents the states of India. Members are not directly elected but chosen by state legislative assemblies. It is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution, with 1/3rd of its members retiring every 2 years.

5. Salaries and Allowances of the Members of Parliament:

   ➥Determined by law, includes salary, daily allowances, and other perks, aimed at ensuring MPs can perform their duties effectively.

6. Parliament in Session:

   ➥The President of India summons sessions of Parliament, including the Budget Session, Monsoon Session, and Winter Session, where discussions, debates, and passing of bills occur.

The Government in Action

➥The executive is responsible for implementing laws and running the administration. It includes the Prime Minister, Cabinet Ministers, and other ministers who ensure policies and laws are effectively enforced.

People's Role in Demanding Laws

➥Citizens can influence law-making by expressing their views and demands through voting, petitions, and protests. Public opinion can lead to the formation of new laws or amendment of existing ones.

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

➥A significant law aimed at protecting women from domestic violence. It provides legal protection and support to women facing abuse at home and empowers courts to issue protection orders, residence orders, and monetary relief.

Implication of Law

➥Laws reflect the will of the people and are meant to uphold justice. Proper implementation is key to ensuring the law serves its purpose, and continuous review and amendment may be needed to address new challenges.